Sunday, September 10, 2006

Lok Adalat di India

PERLUKAH LOK ADALAT DITERAPKAN DI INDONESIA
Oleh: Pan Mohamad Faiz, S.H.
[1]

Lok Adalat adalah sebuah pengadilan rakyat yang cukup istimewa, di mana ketika beberapa sengketa tertentu ditemukan memiliki prosedur beracara di pengadilan yang cukup menyulitkan, maka diupayakanlah untuk memecahkan sengketa tersebut dengan jalan mengarahkan adanya pembahasan secara langsung di antara pihak yang berperkara. Keistimewaan dari pengadilan ini adalah bahwa pengadilan tersebut mempunyai kerjasama dengan para relawan, para pekerja, maupun pelibatan dari mahasiswa hukum. Setelah mempelajari kasusnya, mereka mencoba untuk mengurangi terjadinya perbedaan pendapat di antara pihak-pihak yang berperkara. Lok Adalat mencoba untuk menyelesaikan perselisihan secara sederhana, dengan kata lain diperolehnya suatu konsekuensi melalui saling pengertian yang timbal-balik dan adanya kerjasama dari para pihak yang berperkara.
Untuk memberikan perhatian pada persidangan Lok Adalat, pemerintah mengumumkan tanggal, tempat, waktu, dan nama Hakim yang akan menangani perkara. Begitu pula bagi para pihak yang juga mengumumkan apa yang akan diambil dan diputuskan kemudian. Berbagai pemberitahuan juga diberitakan secara luas melalui publikasi dan pemuatan pada Koran, dengan cara pengumuman secara publik dan menempelkan pada papan pengumuman di pengadilan, sehingga masyarakat akan mengetahui mengenai suatu peristiwa tertentu.

Peran Penting dari Lok Adalat

Sistem dari Lok Adalat adalah sebuah kesuksesan dari demokrasi dan juga merupakan sebuah metode terbaru dan murah yang mampu menyediakan keadilan hingga di depan rumah kita sekalipun. Hakimlah yang akan mendatangi tempat kita untuk menyiramkan sebuah kebagiaan. Gagasan dari Lok Adalat adalah sebuah gagasan mengenai persetujuan dan hal tersebut adalah sebuah filosofi di mana dapat menghasilkan kesimbangan dan kepentingan dari semangat filosofi “Menerima dan Memberi”. Sejauh ini, perkara-perkara demikian tidak meningkat dan tidak terkait dengan kekhawatiran dari Negara Bagian. Justru hasil yang diperoleh sangat menggembirakan, sebagaimana telah dipraktikkan di Delhi, New Delhi, Jaipur, Jodhpur, dan Udaipur serta di beberapa bagian dari Uttarpradesh. Mereka semua telah membuktikan peranannya dan memperoleh keberhasilan. Dalam satu Lok Adalat, sekitar 8.000 perkara dilaporkan telah berhasil diselesaikan. Bahkan berdasarkan laporan dari Lok Adalat wilayah Devakottai pada tanggal 30 Juli 2006, sejumlah 3.57 kasus dapat diselsaikannya dalam hanya satu hari penuh. Masyarakat merasakan sesuatu yang cukup melegakan dan menenangkan. Jika mereka tidak memperoleh keputusan yang mereka sukai, mereka tidak akan mengeluh kepada Lok Adalat, sebab sistem yang diterapkan adalah bebas dari prasangka, pengaruh, dan balas dendam.

Kewenangan dari Lok Adalat

Tidaklah mudah untuk merumuskan dan membatasi kewenangan dari Lok Adalat. Sebab, oleh karena itulah sebenarnya mereka dapat dengan mudah bergerak melalui cara-cara tertentu. Berdasarkan perkara-perkara yang ada, dapat dikatakan bahwa kategori kasus-kasus berikut paling mendekati fungsi daripada Lok Adalat secara efektif, produktif, dan menguntungkan, yaitu:
  1. Tuan rumah atau Penguni yang berselisih mengenai pelaksanaan uang sewa dan pengosongan bagunan.
  2. Perbuatan yang melukai perasaan orang lain.
  3. Kecelakan lalu lintas.
  4. Penambahan dari biaya sewa.
  5. Perkara yang berkaitan dengan perkawinan, termasuk perkara-perkara mengenai hak milik yang diberikan ketika saat perkawinan, hutang, kesejahteraan, peerwalian, pengawasan terhadap anak, dan perceraian.

Penutup

Kita harus ingat bahwa Lok Adalat bukanlah pengganti dari pengadilan yang telah ada. Jika dianggap tepat, dengan penuh pertimbangan dan penuh bijaksana, Lok Adalat dapat saja dijadikan perpanjangtanganan dari institusi peradilan yang telah ada. Oleh karena itulah, sudah seharusnya pelayanan kepada para pencari keadilan dapat diciptakan dengan sistem yang sangat cepat dan menghemat banyak biaya maupun waktu. Di samping itu, jika proses akumulasi dari tumpukan perkara menjadikan suatu kemunduran dan terdapat juga beban kerja yang sedikit, maka kinerja kualitatiflah yang harusnya ditingkatkan. Sebab, kini hampir sekitar 1.8 juta perkara dari seluruh India masih saja menumpuk dan belum diputuskan. Begitu pula dengan di Indonesia, walaupun besarannya masih hitungan ribuan, tetapi tetap saja menjadi persoalan yang tak kunjung selesai. Perlukah Indonesia mengadopsi sistem Lok Adalat seperti ini. Jika iya, berikut saran yang dapat saya sampaikan demi memaksimalkan fungsi dan kinerja dari Lok Adalat itu sendiri, yaitu:

  1. Lok Adalat seharusnya diberikan kewenangan penuh untuk fungsi perdamaian dan mendamaikan.
  2. Biaya persidangan harus sangat murah dan penyelesaian perkara haruslah cepat dengan biaya beracara yang sangat minimum.
  3. Hakim harus membuat pokok-pokok ketentuan dari Lok Adalat.
  4. Pimpinan dan pegawai lainnya dari Lok Adalat haruslah orang yang mempunyai kualifikasi di bidang hukum dan mengerti proses hukum.
  5. Hakim harus menyelesaikan perkara dengan cepat dan ringkas dan tidak hanya disandarkan pada saksi mata.
  6. Prosedur harus sangat sederhana dan mudah, dan harus pula ada formalitas minimum dalam penanganan suatu perkara. ۩

Penulis
Email: pm_faiz_kw@yahoo.com
Site: http://www.faizlawjournal.blogspot.com/

[1] Penulis adalah Mahasiswa Postgraduate Program M.C.L. (Master of Comparative Law) pada Faculty of Law, University of Delhi dan Peneliti pada Mahkamah Konstitusi RI.

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